The Motivation Model - 857 Words

This research will modifies and integrates the motivation model, self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci and Ryan, 1985) and technology acceptance model (TAM) (Davis, 1989). This research will find the impact of extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors on trust. The report will determine whether the extrinsic motivational factors and/or intrinsic motivational factors increase or decrease trust to adopt internet banking. People who are living in low income and developing countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and India have to deal with many problems such as poverty, corruption and weak legal structure, all of these problems will lead to distrust in their lives. Similarly, the technology that deals with finance and money is going to be difficult to adopt by people who lives in low income countries due to lack of trust. Trust on internet banking system and security has to be developed in order for the people to adopt internet banking systems. Trust can be developed if the financial i nstitutions works on extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors which will ultimately helps the banking industry to gain trust of older customers of using and experiencing benefits of internet banking. Motivation : One famous theory that seeks to explain the human motivation is Self-Determination Theory by Deci and Ryan (1985). It defines extrinsic motivation which refers to performing something that has a separable outcome other than the activity performed such as increasing job performanceShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation: A Powerful New Model in HRM1216 Words   |  5 PagesCRITICAL REVIEW: EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION A Powerful New Model Summary Employee motivation a powerful new model explores drivers of employee motivation, the levers the managers can pull to address them and the local strategies that can boost motivation despite organizational constraints. Finding of new research introduce a model that establishes the four basic emotional need people exhibit; they are the drive to acquire, bond, comprehendRead MoreThe Expectancy Theory Model Of Harry s Motivation1154 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion Question Use the expectancy theory model to predict Harry s motivation to achieve high or acceptable performance in his job. Identify and discuss the factors that influenced this motivation. Harry will engage in high or just acceptable performance effort under the conditions described. Valence scores range from -1,0 to +1.0. All expectancies are probabilities ranging from 0 (no change) to 1.0 (definitely will occur). 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With so many definitions of leadership, the question evolved from â€Å"what is the definition of leadership?† to â€Å"what is good leadership† (CiullaRead MoreMy Leadership Style : Leadership, The Skills Model And Motivations, And The Path Goal Theory2295 Words   |  10 Pagessomething I constantly work to improve. The specific situation I am in directs how I take action in my leadership role. Throughout this paper, I will address how my leadership style relates to the trait approach, authentic leadership, the skills model and motivations, and the path-goal theory. The foundation of my leadership style stems from the trait approach. After a revival of its original intentions, the trait approach can now be summarized as a leadership approach that focuses directly on the leader’sRead MoreCritical Review â€Å"Employee Motivation- a Powerful New Model† by Nitin Nohria, Boris Groysberg and Linda-Eling Lee1657 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Critical Review â€Å"Employee Motivation- A Powerful New Model† by Nitin Nohria, Boris Groysberg and Linda-Eling Lee Group 1: Ajit Shenoi (29), Mandar Jha (15), Nandan) Mathur (20), Kshitij Varma (39), Sarin Sio (33) PGDM-Communications 8/9/2013 SUMMARY The article attempts to shed light on the issue of motivating employees. The topic of motivation has been one that has intrigued thinkers thorough our history. As a result from Aristotle to Freud to finally Maslow everyone has had theirRead MoreHow Can the Theories and Models in Leadership and Motivation Help a Manager to Do His or Her Job More Effectively?2577 Words   |  11 PagesHow can the theories and models in leadership and motivation help a manager to do his or her job more effectively? Two powerful tools a manager can use are displaying good leadership skills, and being able to motivate those around them. A highly motivated workforce is vital for an organisation seeking good results. Leadership and management although being seen as synonymous do differ, not every manager is a leader and vice versa. The emphasis of leadership is on interpersonal behaviour, and isRead MoreComparing Fairbairn s Motivation Behind His Departure From Freud s Structural Model And Development Of Object Relation s Theory3943 Words   |  16 Pagesnd contrast Fairbairn’s motivation behind his departure from Freud’s structural model and development of object relation’s theory Introduction It is widely accepted that Sigmund Freud coined the term Psychoanalysis. Within this he derived a number of models over the period of his life to explain how the psyche operates and from where trauma originates, which subsequently led to the development of psychoanalysis. Ronald Fairbairn was a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh teaching medicineRead MoreWhat Is Client Centered Practice?1575 Words   |  7 Pagessource of motivation in order to want to continue to work hard in their therapy. If a client is not motivated in their therapy, it is the therapist’s job to find something a motivating factor for the client. This helps the client have a more successful outcome. The source of motivation which could potentially be used includes the clients individual values and interests. There are several models used in occupational therapy practice. One model is the Model of Human Occupation. This model is described

Animal Rights, And The Tragedies Of Factory Farming

Animal Rights, and the Tragedies of Factory Farming Animals, like humans, experience both pleasure and pain. To deny this would be like denying they breath the same air that we do. Yet every day animals are being murdered inhumanly and violently at slaughterhouses throughout the country. Factory Farming has become the dominant method of raising meat in America. It is not only cruel and inhumane, but it is also environmentally destructive, and has been linked to spreading illness and disease. We are all moral managers in our own right, therefore have a moral obligation to do something to reduce the impact do make not for today, but for the tomorrows that come. However, we do not; in fact, we continue this vicious cycle of pain and suffering. We drive a certain pleasure from eating this meat. How can we justify these actions? Do animals not have a right to freedom? Do they not deserve equal consideration? Animals have the right to behave naturally during their limited lifetime, yet we deny them the simplest form of life and fre edom. By defining their freedom we are denying it; freedom defined is freedom defined. No creature deserves the cruelty of factory farming. The basis of morality and our justice system is freedom and equality. When we violate that freedom (of any living creature), we infringe on their rights. In Contemporary Moral Arguments Singer points out that, â€Å"it is wrong to cause human suffering to achieve a good that does not outweigh thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Vegetarianism and the Other Weight Problem691 Words   |  3 Pagesimprovements in certain countries. He believes that combining short-term famine relief efforts and long-range population control programs can considerably reduce the tragedy of starvation. Another matter that he discusses is the inefficiency of the grain growing process as a large percentage of grain produced in the United States is fed to animals raised for slaughter. If this massive quantity of grain currently fed to livestock were consumed directly by p eople, a great number of people could be fed. WeRead MoreEssay on Canada and Safe Water1803 Words   |  8 PagesDisaster On Friday, 26 May 2000 a quiet little town in the rural heartland of Ontario was struck with a water crisis. (â€Å"Toronto Star† 22 Dec.) It was described as Canada’s worst outbreak of E.Coli contamination, where cattle manure contaminated the farming community’s water. (â€Å"Globe and Mail†, 24 Jan.) An outbreak of E.Coli contaminated water that killed seven people and made hundreds of people suffer from the symptoms. 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How can we say the biofuel is environmental friendly? According to Vasudevan, Palligarnai T and Michael Briggs: Since biodiesel is made entirely from vegetable oil or animal fats, it is renewable and biodegradable. Biodiesel also contains very little sulfur, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, andRead MoreIs Veganism A More Humane And Responsible Lifestyle Essay2292 Words   |  10 Pagesthe U.S. today, in terms of global warming and animal welfare? Veganism is a more sustainable lifestyle in the U.S. today in terms of global warming and animal welfare. It helps to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions, prevent deforestation, is healthier for the body, and prevents the terrible treatment of animals in CAFOs. With the negative effects on the environment and the terrible treatment of the animals, the question comes to, is there a sustainableRead MoreIn the Arms of Angels Essays1828 Words   |  8 Pagesat the camera with sad eyes. This breaks my heart every time I see this commercial or hear the song playing on the radio. There are many millions of animals that are unloved, neglected and abandoned in shelters each year because people do not participate in getting their animals’ spayed or neutered or the animals are over bred for profit. Animal overcrowding in shelters is only one reason of many as to why pet owners should spay or neuter their pets, but it is the most important reason of allRead MoreComparative Study of Organic Farming Policy of M.P, Sikkim, Karnataka and Kerala States of India7559 Words   |  31 PagesEcosystem Sustainability Management TOPIC Comparative Study of organic Farming Policy of M.P, Sikkim, Karnataka and Kerala states of India In the comparative study of Organic Farming Policies of M.P, Kerala, Karnataka and Sikkim state we will try to find out whether the policy is meant for the farmers interest or just to fulfil the interest of the MNCs or Farm Input Supplier Companies. In this whole document we will try to find out how the policy is addressing the following issuesï  ¶ Is theRead MoreBusiness Ethics6288 Words   |  26 Pagesinstitution meant to effect specific public functions, to the rise of the modern commercial institution entitled to most of the legal rights of a person. One theme is its assessment as a personality, as a result of an 1886 case in the United States Supreme Court in which a statement by Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite[nb 1] led to corporations as persons having the same rights as human beings, based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The film s assessment is effected via theRead MoreBook Report on George Orwells Animal Farm4597 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm is a book written by George Orwell Ââ€" whose real name was Eric Blair Ââ€" published in 1945. An all-knowing narrator in the third person tells the story of an animal revolution on a farm located somewhere in England. The plot is based on the Russian revolution and Stalins use of power, and Orwell uses farm animals to portray both the people of power and the common people during this time. The main characters can be pointed out as the pigs Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer; theRead MoreBook Report on George Orwells Animal Farm4582 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm is a book written by George Orwell Ââ€" whose real name was Eric Blair Ââ€" published in 1945. An all-knowing narrator in the third person tells the story of an animal revolution on a farm located somewhere in England. The plot is based on the Russian revolution and Stalins use of power, and Orwell uses farm animals to portray both the people of power and the common people during this time. The main characters can be pointed out as the pigs Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer; the

Errors of Attribution Free Essays

With reference to research discuss two errors in attributions. (22 marks) The Attribution Theory is a concept of social psychology that makes reference to how individuals feel the need to provide ‘cause to the events around us’. Fritz Heider first proposed the theory ‘The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (1958), which was later developed by others such as Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner. We will write a custom essay sample on Errors of Attribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The developed definition of this theory refers to the role of our minds in relation to our social behaviour. There are two main categories within this particular theory, Situational factors, which refer to how one’s environment and external circumstances can influence an individual, whilst Dispositional factors refer to our personality and our traits, factors that are to do with us as people. The Self- Serving Bias focuses on the way in which we as individuals tend to associate successes with our internal ability and characteristics and equating failures to external factors. The reason that this is seen as a common human tendency is because people acknowledge success as a way of positively influencing their self-esteem levels. This bias can affect our opportunities to learn from our mistakes and improve- by refusing to accept responsibility for our failures, our skill levels remain unchanged. Although this bias can be recognized in people throughout modern day society, Lewinsohn et al (1980) proposed that the bias will have the complete opposite effect on people who have a low self esteem or see themselves in a negative light. All successes are seen as luck rather than ability, whilst failures are seen as dispositional factors, generally seeing stupidity as the sole factor for their mistakes. Ironically, Lewinsohn suggests that depressed individuals will see themselves more realistically, making more practical attributions about their personality than a ‘normal’ person will. A study that was carried out by Johnson (1964), demonstrated a Self Serving Bias through teaching. Participants (psychology students) taught two children how to multiply numbers by 10 and 20. The study was done in two phases through a one-way intercom. The first phase was to teach them how to multiply by 10, the second, by 20. After each phase, the participants were able to access the worksheets that the children used and were told to evaluate the children’s progress. The worksheets had been constructed in such a way that pupil A gave the correct answers in both worksheets, and depending on the circumstance, pupil B either did badly in both worksheets, or did badly for the first and improved in the second. The participants were therefore asked to assess their teaching abilities based on the pupils’ results. What Johnson found was that in the situation where pupil B improved, the participant saw this improvement as an indication of their abilities as teachers. When pupil B did not improve, the participants blamed the failure on the pupil’s lack of ability. Wolosin, Sherman and Till (1973) is another classic example of a study examining the self-serving bias. Participants in this study partook in a decision-making activity, in which they chose geographical locations where they believed they were most likely to meet a friend. In the first phase, the participant was performing the task whilst co-operating with another individual. The second phase consisted of the participant competing against the individual. After these two experiments were completed, the participants were given feedback. In the co-operative phase, the participant assumed more responsibility when they received positive comments, in contrast with the participants who received negative or neutral feedback. This again reiterates the point that individuals will exhibit self-biased attributions, whilst in circumstances of failure; they will provide situational factors for their lack of success. Although there is evidence to support this error of attribution, there are also contradictions to the theory. Zuckerman (1979) argued that this bias depends on our desire to maintain our self-esteem. He reasons that it we attribute our successes to dispositional factors it improves our self-esteem, whilst if we deny responsibility to failure, we are protecting our self-esteem, therefore suggesting that it all depends on the individual. Cross-cultural examination also shows that the bias is consistent. Heine (1999) and Kashima Triandis (1986) used studies to support the theory. They found that in collectivistic cultures such as Japan, members are far less likely to attribute success to dispositional factors compared to individualistic cultures such as the US or the UK. Kashima Triandis found that when Japanese and American participants were asked to remember slides from unfamiliar countries, Americans tended to attribute success towards their ability, whilst the Japanese attributed failure to lack of ability. This study therefore shows that there is definitely a link between maintenance of self-esteem and self-serving bias, in individualistic cultures. Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) refers to the tendency for individuals to view behaviour as a significant factor. Therefore, we tend to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when attempting to explain behaviour in a member of society. The reason for this attribution error, is because generally, we focus more on the individual in the specific situation, which leads to us making judgments and decisions relating to their personality- internal attributions, simply because we do not have enough information on their character to make a balanced assessment. Lee Ross first introduced this term in 1977 defining it as ‘The tendency to underestimate the importance of situational determinants and overestimate the degree to which actions and outcomes reflect the actor’s dispositions. Napolitan and Goethals (1979) examined the theory by asking student participants to talk individually to a woman told to behave either aloof and critical or friendly and warm. The first batch of participants were told that she was acting spontaneously, whilst the other half was told that she was instructed to behave in a certain way towards them. Interestingly, the knowledge of her instructions versus spontaneity had no effect on the participants, all of whom attributed her behaviour to internal dispositional factors rather than situational. Another classic demonstration of the study was by Jones and Harris (1967). They hypothesized that people would attribute apparently free-chosen behaviour to disposition and instructed behaviour to situational factors. This was investigated by asking participants to read a series of Fidel Castro essays, some of which were pro and others were anti Fidel Castro. After reading these essays, the subjects were asked to rate the attitudes of the writers. When the subjects believed that the writers had chosen freely on their position on Castro, the participants naturally assumed that the essays reflected the genuine attitude towards Castro. However, even when the subjects were told that the writers had no choice, they still believed that the essays reflected their actual views on Castro. This supports the error of attribution because despite the fact that the participants knew that the writers were heavily constrained by the situation, the subjects still chose to attribute their views to dispositional factors. Cultural variance may affect the Fundamental Attribution Error, as members from individualistic culture have a higher tendency to commit this error compared to members from a collectivistic ulture that are less prone to it. Miller (1984) supports this argument as he found that children from western cultures make dispositional attributions whilst children from India make situational attributions, particularly when explaining the actions of someone who has done wrong. Moghaddam (1998) also stated that the FAE was due to ‘pervasive individualism’ of modern western culture. Reference: http://education. ca lumet. purdue. edu/vockell/edPsybook/Edpsy5/edpsy5_attribution. htm http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/attribution_theory. tm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Attribution_(psychology) http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/fundamental_attribution_error. htm http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/self-serving_bias. htm http://ibpsychologynotes. files. wordpress. com/2011/02/04-discuss-two-errors-in-attributions. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error http://ion. uwinnipeg. ca/~clark/teach/1000-050/Ch18-social. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-serving_bias http://www. psychwiki. com/wiki/Self-serving_bias How to cite Errors of Attribution, Papers

Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art. Answer: Introduction As students we were given a choice to select either an exhibition or a museum for this report and I decided to review the national museum of decorative arts and history of Ireland. The museum is a branch of the National Museum of Ireland and is located near the Arbour Hill area of Dublin. The museum was actually founded on August 14, 1877 by the Parliament act. It has around 150,000 items which includes art and craft, Irish coins, silverware, currency, furniture, costumes, ceramics and also glassware (Herle and Anita 2012). The sprawling property also holds artifacts from the Battle of the Boyne such as Etruscan vases and an armoured glove worn by King William. There is also an oar and a life belt which were discovered from the wreck of the RMS management Lusitania (Forrest and Craig 2012). Also, there is a pocket book which was carried by Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone during his time in the prison. It quite a sight to behold when one ventures inside this historical structure (Herle and Anita 2012). The visiting hour for the museum is from 10 am to 5 pm from Tuesday to Saturday. On Sunday it is open from 10 am to 5pm and is closed on a Monday. The art and architecture inside the museum is divided into different categories for visitors to explore without difficulties. First, let us come to the Arms and Armour section. The arms section consists of swords, long arms, pistols which are mainly Irish and English weapons belonging to the 16th and 20th centuries. Some of these weapons are also from the United States of America and Europe. There are also a lot of mesmerizing non-Western muskets and swords from 19th Century. It is also very interesting to find long arms like flintlock, semi-automatic weapons and percussions. There are also cannons which are symbolic of that era along with double edged weapons consisting of daggers, pole-arms, clubs and crossbows. The museum put together the collection which is from the second half of the 19th century and is kept in the Arms and Armour section where Textiles, Glass, Ceramics, Metalwork, Wood, Musical Instruments and Ivory collections have also been incorporated (Hourihane and Colum 2012). There is also A Dubliners Collection of Asian Art which was gifted to the National Museum in the 1930 by Albert Bender who was an Irish American. On show were relics from China, Tibet and Japan. I loved these as the artefacts were well preserved and depicted bygone cultures and traditions. Some of the Chinese relics include painting, statues and cloaks related to religions and philosophies of Buddhism and Daoism. Then there is the collection of ceramics which was first brought in to influence the local ceramic industry. There is the collection of continental European and Italian Maiolica, French Faience, Dutch delftware and Hispano-Moresque ware. Besides these, there are Belleek and Carrigaline, and a huge collection of Irish works (Hourihane and Colum 2012). The toys and dolls section is one of the finest collections in the museum which has over 700 items. The collection spans across Irish, European and English dolls. The collection also boasts of antic doll houses and board games. There are also clockwork toys and the ones made of tin. Some of the items in this section are very old and have been restored or renovated. Costume and fashion design The concept of fashion has existed since time immemorial and in this museum too there is a huge collection of costumes. The collection has almost 2000 items, comprising mainly English and Irish costumes which mostly belong to women from the 18th century to present day (Ward and Alex 2014). Designs from Ireland during the 20th century are also on display. These are intricate designs and portray the lifestyle during the time and are mighty impressive (Ward and Alex 2014). Religious vestments, legal and academic robes, court dress are also on display. Under this collection the museum has got hold of materials in relation with 1916 War of Independence. These have been donated or purchased over time. It has a number of documents which are directly related to the Rising. One of them is the historical Proclamation of the Republic and Pearses surrender order (Murphy and Brian 2012). Then there is the Museums Fine and Graphic art collection which comprises paintings management done by water colour and drawings by European and Irish artists. The shades of colour actually takes one back to time. The collection itself was made in the 1920s and the museum authorities since then have not added to it (Murphy and Brian 2012). While venturing into other nooks and corners of the massive hall one stumbles upon the collection of flags too. There are 50 flags which are on display. They are mainly Irish with the time period ranging from 1641 to present day. Most of these flags are military but some belong to historical events and political parties. Museums furniture collection This is a massive collection and one of the most famous blocks for tourists. The section showcases a wide range of furniture from the 17th to the 20th century. Mostly there are furniture from the 18th or 19th century which therefore covers a lot of famous makers. The collection also boasts of Irish, English and European materials (Myzelev and Alla 2017). The collection is only growing by the day and the division features a major collection from Irish designer Eileen Gray. The exhibits are in a room known as the Reconstructed Rooms where there are four centuries of furnishings, right from the Georgian era to present day Irish designs. Next, there is the fragile section of the museum which has some of the best Irish, European and American glass ranging from the 18th to the 20th century. It all started from being collected from Belfast, Cork, Dublin and Waterford from the late 18th to the middle of 19th century. There is also a great collection of Irish modern day works. The jewellery section too does not cease to amaze. These items date back to the 18th and the 20th century and it boasts of great quality costume jewellery. It also has pieces from early 20th century crafts from the Celtic Revival and modern Ireland. The section also boasts of a large collection of intaglio seal stones, carved cameo and Tassie paste copies (Eppihimer and Melissa 2015). There is also the costume accessories collection which has around 1600 items including shoes, shoe-buckles, hats and fans (Dmitrieva and Elena 2012). There is also a collection which consists of Irish and European lace accessories from the 17th Century to the early 20th Century. The collection mainly consists of Irish lace and lace designs from the middle of the 19th Century to the middle of the 20th. These laces were bought directly from cooperatives and lace schools from around the country. The metal work collection boasts of a large section of pewter, enamel, brass and ironwork. Helmets, iron armours are all on display here. However, Ireland cannot be complete without Irish silver. Silver is the most significant element in this collection and ranges from the 1500 s to present day. The entire collection of silver is on display at the museum in an exhibition called Irish Silver. The stock of silver here is the strongest for periods between 1750 -1800, however, the collection of modern day silver is also growing each day. Upon request the staff also help people get dressed in these armours which are on display. Ireland is a country which is steeped in Military History as it has been subjected to numerous battles. Therefore the collection of war memorabilias such as books, documents, personal papers, medals, uniforms and ephemera of Irish, British and American armies (Forrest and Craig 2012). The largest part of the section includes uniforms, uniform accessories including head dresses, insignias and belts which date back to the 1780s. Musical instruments Ireland also has a rich history of music and the museums collection features all such instruments. The harp collection holds a special significance and has a few of the early wire-strung harps (Boydell and Barra 2013). The harp collection also focuses on the 18th century and is a collection of very rare pieces (Mary Louise and O'Donnell 2014). The pianos too are from the later half of the 18th century and the spotlight is on the Irish manufacturers. The section also boasts of a rare lyrachord. The coin collection has 10,000 pieces and is of the rarest of rare kind. The majority of the coins are Irish and belong to the Viking period. These have been divided into two sections- hoard material and chronological collection. The chronological collection of Irish coins is increased by denomination management, provenance and style in the same manner as the silver collection (Series 2012). There is also a huge collection of English, European, Asian and Roman coins which are provided as comparisons or contrasts. There are also 3,700 Irish medals which are part of history, sports, politics, education and agriculture. The museum also has a huge transport collection which mainly consists of 18th and 19th century carriages and also materials such as photographs and drawings. Conclusion Overall, the museum is one of the most iconic in the world. On a scale of 1 to 10, I would give it an eight just because it does not cease to amaze even for one bit. Some of the collections including the metal work and furniture are top class and are things one would remember even after they have come back home. The visit to the museum was thus enriching. However, there were a few let downs like the connectivity where I had to change buses to get to the stop. Writing an assignment on a place with so much history related to it is always difficult. First of all I had to start off by finding a museum dipped in culture and history and what better than the national museum of decorative arts and history in Dublin. Then it was about research work and if the museum suited the needs of the project. Next it was about planning a trip there since I needed to visit the museum to write my review. I changed two buses and reached the museum at around 11.30 on a Wednesday. The monumental stature of the building was overwhelming but then the things that awaited me inside were even more mesmerizing. The museum is old and there were renovation works in progress in some corners. The only way I could traverse the whole museum was if I had a guide book in my hand. I got the book from the counter and used it to navigate my way from one section to another. I must say these are things I have not done before and therefore this is a skill too which I picked up. Next , it was about documenting the artefacts which were kept in different sections of the museum. Proper documentation is needed to reproduce the same facts and figures in an assignment and therefore I had to do it carefully keeping in mind that a wrong date can be disastrous. Reporting is another key skill I developed during this assignment as I knew I would have to put my notes on a paper and submit it as a report. I have tried and represented the facts as closely as possible. Sometimes thoughts and words tend to get lost in translation. There were also a few challenges faced by me while doing the project. First of all, the museum is vast and covers a lot of area. Covering each and every part was taxing. I am quite thankful to the guide book I had in my hand without which I would have been lost for sure. There were also a lot of repair work in progress in key sections of the museum which was quite a hindrance for my research work. Sections like the ones were the glass artefacts and ceramics were kept were closed. I had to come back home and consult a few other books to complete my research and then write down the assignment. Also, the sign boards inside the museum are old and sometimes one might get confused as to where to head next. A lot of the times, I headed the other way then had to return back and find another path to a certain section. The lack of guides also adds to a bit of ones confusion. Often one does not know the history of certain artefacts and has do to the strenuous tasks of reading it from the signag e. However, despite these let downs the museum continues to be one of the best in the Ireland. References Boydell, Barra. The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland. Edited by Harry White. University College Dublin Press, 2013. Dmitrieva, Elena. "On the formation of the collection of gem impressions in the State Hermitage Museum." Journal of the History of Collections 25, no. 1 (2012): 77-85. E Batey, Colleen. "Quarrying in Western Norway. An Archaeological Study of Production and Distribution in the Viking Period and Middle Ages." (2016): 185-186. Eppihimer, Melissa. "A paradox of eighteenth-century antiquarianism: Persiangems among the Tassie casts." Journal of the History of Collections 28, no. 2 (2015): 191-208. Forrest, Craig. "Culturally and environmentally sensitive sunken warships." Austl. NZ Mar. LJ 26 (2012): 80. Herle, Anita. "Objects, agency and museums." Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things (2012): 295. Hourihane, Colum, ed. The Grove encyclopedia of medieval art and architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2012. Mary Louise, O'Donnell. Ireland's Harp: The Shaping of Irish Identity, C. 1770-1880. University College Dublin Press, 2014. Murphy, Brian P. "Telling the Story of 1916: the" Catholic Bulletin" and" Studies"." Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 101, no. 401 (2012): 47-56. Myzelev, Alla, ed. Fashion, interior design and the contours of modern identity. Routledge, 2017. Series, CoinWeek Ancient Coin, and Mike Markowitz. "The Earliest Coins of Ireland." Ward, Alex. "Dress and National Identity: Womens Clothing and the Celtic Revival." Costume 48, no. 2 (2014): 193-212.

Organization Management

Introduction Organizations are reflective of a conglomeration of different factors within and outside its setting. The success of any organizations is always accredited to the good leadership style employed by the top executives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the performance of an organization depends upon a variety of factors including internal as well as external factors. Internal factors may include management strategy adopted by the company while external factors entail issues such as government policy, competition and globalization, as well as the general environment within which an organization operates. Top managers perform a pivotal role in the management of any organization through their role of devising strategies as well as formulating policies guiding the company’s operations towards achieving the set goals and objectives (Hans on, 2008; Sadler, 2003). Besides, they also have a mandate of directing and coordinating the overall operations of companies. Through their controlling and leading role, the managers are responsible for allocating resources to various departments in addition to leading the other people in the management team to effectively carry out their duties. Consequently, the top managers greatly affect the performance of the organizations. However, other stakeholders such as management team, government as well as the industry are equally important in the performance of the firm (Hooke, 2010). Internal factors affecting the performance of a company The strategic leadership theory holds some facts as far as the link between top managers and organizational image and performance is concerned. To begin with, the executive managers are involved in offering leadership roles that propel the performance of their organizations. As leaders, the executive managers design the company goals and objectives t hat are meant to steer the operations of the firm (Hooke, 2010). Furthermore, the managers formulate policies as well as devising strategies to ensure that the designed goals and objectives are achieved. The company is therefore governed by the policies formulated as well as strategies adopted by these managers (Minichilli et al, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The policies therefore govern every facet of the company operations including relationship among the employees within the company, their relations with the superiors as well as the customers. Consequently, the operations of an organization are immensely affected and so is its performance (Minichilli et al, 2010). On the other hand, strategies adopted by the executive managers also have direct impact on the performance of an organization (Richard, 2009; Sadler, 2003). According to Richard well informed managers have the ability to shape the organization they lead (16). The management strategies implemented determines to a large extent the competitiveness of a firm compared to its opponents in the industry. Hitt et al (2009) argue that a company’s competitive ability is enhanced when the managers establish as well as implement strategies that add value to the company (4). For instance, such competition was witnessed between Airbus and Boeing where both the companies adopted different competitive strategies to not only survive in the market but also make profits. Airbus introduced super jumbo with a large capacity while its competitor chose a medium-sized plane with a passenger capacity but efficient thereby winning the competitive battle (Hitt et al, 2009). Generally, Richard concludes that such authority to make decisions on behalf of the company is only left for the top managers in centralized organizational systems but delegated to lower organizational levels in decentralized syst ems (Richard, 2009). Executive managers are also bestowed with an important role of controlling the allocation of resources within the organization. They therefore have the authority over the distribution and allocation of resources to the various company departments (Jing and Avery, 2008). Well-informed managers would ensure equitable distribution of such resources which in turn improve the performance of the farm as each department’s requirements is taken care of. However, poor resource allocation would create scarcity of such vital requirements in some departments thereby impacting negatively on the organizational performance (Jing and Avery, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The executive managers are therefore conferred with the authority and power to allocate essential resources as well as create rules that govern such allocation. Consequ ently, the top managers have a direct impact on the performance of a company. However, Golsorkhi et al (2010) takes a different perspective concerning such powers (111). They argue that the managers’ power is regulated by the norms of a proper conduct as shared by their counterparts as well as junior employees within the organization (Golsorkhi et al, 2010). They reiterate the interdependence of organizational structure and the agency as stipulated in the structural theory. According to the theory, the resources are controlled by the existing rules and regulations which happen to form a social system (Golsorkhi et al, 2010). External factors affecting the performance of a company The performance and reputation of a company is also accredited to other factors apart from the management strategies adopted by the top managers. These external forces may force the companies to adopt certain strategies that would affect their performance positively or worse still, negatively. At the outset, political forces may compel an organization to adhere to the laid laws such as tax laws and environmental compliance (Ofosu-Amaah, 2000). These legislations will shape the company to be socially as well as environmentally friendly hence improving its public image and reputation (Ofosu-Amaah, 2000). Moreover, governments may decide to offer subsidies to organization in which they have ownership in an attempt to increase their productivity as well as sustain employment in those companies. For instance, nations such as France, Spain and Germany have acquired ownership in the Airbus thereby ensuring that the company prospers in business thereby curbing the heightened unemployment rate (Hitt et al, 2009). However, elevated taxes levied on the organizations may eject them from their operations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, ecological perspective refutes the fact that organizational success is wholly accredited to the top managers but to the environment within which the organization operates. The environment here may include such factors as globalization and competition (Pine and Davies, 1999). In the recent past, there has been an augmented interdependence between different economies as well as organizations. Such relations have improved the performance of the involved organizations as they can exchange modern management strategies as well as innovations necessary for both their survival as well as profitability. Conversely, competition has impacted on the performance of different organization in the same industry (Pine and Davies, 1999). Through competition, companies have resorted to mergers in order to overcome the business hurdles currently witnessed in the competitive market. Such merger enables the organizations to learn from others’ management strategies as well as tac kle pertinent and complicated issues in the industry together (Hanson, 2008). By adopting other successful organizations’ strategy, the companies in competition are able to improve their performance enormously (Hitt et al, 2009). Conclusion Organizations are reflective of a collection of a variety of factors within and outside its setting. To begin with, the performance of any organization is influenced by the management strategy adopted by the management team as well as other external factors including the general environment within which it operates competition, globalization as well as government policies such as tax laws. Reference List Golsorkhi, Damon et al (2010) Cambridge Handbook of Strategy as Practice. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Hanson, D. (2008) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and globalization. 3rd edition. Asia Pacific, Thomson. Hitt, Michael et al (2009) Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization: concepts cases. 8th edition. Flo rence. Cengage Learning, Inc. Hooke, Jeffrey (2010) Security Analysis and Business Valuation on Wall Street + Companion Web Site: A Comprehensive Guide to Today’s Valuation Methods. 2nd edition. New York. John Wiley and Sons. Jing, Fenwick and Avery, Gayle C. (2008) Missing Links In Understanding The Relationship Between Leadership And Organizational Performance. Sidney. Macquarie University. 7(5). 67-78. Minichilli, Alessandro et al (2010) Top Management Teams in Family-Controlled Companies: ‘Familiness’, ‘Faultlines’, and Their Impact on Financial Performance. Journal of Management Studies. 47(2) 205–222. Ofosu-Amaah, Paati (2000) Reforming business-related laws to promote private sector development: the World Bank experience in Africa. Washington DC. World Bank Publications. Pine, Joseph and Davies, Stan (1999) Mass customization: the new frontier in business competition. Harvard. Harvard Business Press. Richard, L. (2009) Organization Theo ry and Design. 10th edition. Florence. Cengage Learning, Inc. 2009 p16. Sadler, Philip (2003) Strategic management. 2nd edition. London. Kogan Page Publishers. This essay on Organization Management was written and submitted by user Aurora Scott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Life Of Robert Browning

THE LIFE OF ROBERT BROWNING Robert Browning is an excellent example to use when one is discussing how individuals struggle to survive in the literary world. Life is full of surprises, twists, turns, and rewards that can either cause an individual to fail or succeed. Robert Browning’s life showed his determination to conquer fate in order to achieve his goal of gaining recognition as an outstanding poet during Victorian England. Sarah Anna Wiedemann Browning gave birth to her only son, Robert, on May 7, 1812. Sarah Anna was of German-Scotch descent and was a very devout and religious woman. Her husband, Robert Browning, was a clerk in the Bank of England. The couple also had one daughter named Sarianna (â€Å"Robert Browning† 5). Young Robert was fortunate to be a part of this loving and supportive family. Robert’s poetry was greatly influenced by his family. His mother’s love of art and music gave Robert a variety of topics to write about. His father was the son of a wealthy banker who could finance his son’s education and could give him the luxury of seeking fortunes in the West Indies. However, the two men had an argument which led to Robert Browning the elder leaving his parents and seeking his own fortune. Robert Browning the elder shared his experiences as a young man with his son; therefore, he helped influence his son’s literature (â€Å"Robert Browning† 6). As a child, Robert was educated at home by his father. His father taught him a variety of topics and subjects ranging from foreign languages, music, boxing, horsemanship, and reading. His father owned a large library that fascinated young Robert and impacted his young imagination. At a young age, Robert knew he wanted to become a poet. His father supported his son’s goal, both emotionally and financially (Abrams 2022). When he got older, Robert could not attend Oxford or Cambridge University because his parents were nonconformists. ... Free Essays on The Life Of Robert Browning Free Essays on The Life Of Robert Browning THE LIFE OF ROBERT BROWNING Robert Browning is an excellent example to use when one is discussing how individuals struggle to survive in the literary world. Life is full of surprises, twists, turns, and rewards that can either cause an individual to fail or succeed. Robert Browning’s life showed his determination to conquer fate in order to achieve his goal of gaining recognition as an outstanding poet during Victorian England. Sarah Anna Wiedemann Browning gave birth to her only son, Robert, on May 7, 1812. Sarah Anna was of German-Scotch descent and was a very devout and religious woman. Her husband, Robert Browning, was a clerk in the Bank of England. The couple also had one daughter named Sarianna (â€Å"Robert Browning† 5). Young Robert was fortunate to be a part of this loving and supportive family. Robert’s poetry was greatly influenced by his family. His mother’s love of art and music gave Robert a variety of topics to write about. His father was the son of a wealthy banker who could finance his son’s education and could give him the luxury of seeking fortunes in the West Indies. However, the two men had an argument which led to Robert Browning the elder leaving his parents and seeking his own fortune. Robert Browning the elder shared his experiences as a young man with his son; therefore, he helped influence his son’s literature (â€Å"Robert Browning† 6). As a child, Robert was educated at home by his father. His father taught him a variety of topics and subjects ranging from foreign languages, music, boxing, horsemanship, and reading. His father owned a large library that fascinated young Robert and impacted his young imagination. At a young age, Robert knew he wanted to become a poet. His father supported his son’s goal, both emotionally and financially (Abrams 2022). When he got older, Robert could not attend Oxford or Cambridge University because his parents were nonconformists. ...

Best Buy CEO Chairman Relationship Research Paper

Best Buy CEO Chairman Relationship - Research Paper Example 17). As expounded, the reported improper relationship, despite the allegations being denied by both Dunn and the employee, has caused a damaged morale within the organization, supposed distractions, and speculations on the true nature of the relationship. Issues Being Addressed The issues being addressed in this case are violations of transparency, violations of conformity to ethical and moral standards, and failures to disclose critical information to the Board of Directors, which could assist in addressing the issues in a more professional manner consistent with the standards posed under corporate social responsibility. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) has defined corporate social responsibility (CSR) as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large" (WBCSD par. 4). Obviously, the violations and i ssues noted from the case at Best Buys undermined ‘improving the quality of life of the workforce’ due to causing apparent distractions and speculations. Likewise, the improper relationship of Dunn, a married man, with a 29-year old employee caused conflicts in the marital relationship with Dunn’s spouse and the relationship with his children. The relationship is deemed as violating the standards of ethics and moral codes. The situation was exacerbated by Schulze’s failure to disclose the investigations made by him to the Board based on previous reports, which was an apparent violation of the rules of transparency and the rules on partnering to stop misconduct (Best Buy, n.d.). Rules According to the report written by Clifford (2012) and published in The New York Times, the rules and company policies on adherence to ethical and moral codes of conduct have apparently been applied to all employees except the CEO. As cited, â€Å"the C.E.O.’s relation ship with this employee led some employees to question senior management’s commitment to company policy and the ethical principles the company champions† (Clifford par. 17). Best Buy has a Code of Business Ethics that explicitly states rules on responsibility to each other, responsibility to shareholders, and responsibility to the company’s business associates – the areas where some violations have been noted. Analysis Upon closer examination of Best Buy Code of Business Ethics, the violations noted were on the rules pertaining to the following: (1) responsibility to each other, particularly honoring our differences; (2) responsibility to our business associates, particularly conflict of interest; (3) gift giving; (4) partnering to stop conduct. The Code of Business Ethics stipulated that â€Å"one of our values is to show respect, humility and integrity. Creating a positive work environment supports this value† (Best Buy 14). The actions of Dunn an d the female employee have been reported to cause conflicts in the work environment that apparently led to low morale. Likewise, the inability of Schulze to disclose the information immediately was a weakness on his character, pursuant

The use of flexible and distributed learning in higher education Literature review

The use of flexible and distributed learning in higher education (particularly post qualifying nurse education) - Literature review Example Data Sources 20 3.3. Search Terms 22 3.4. Supplementary Literature 22 3.6. Data Synthesis 24 Chapter 4 – Findings 25 4.1. Extent by which flexible and distributed learning is applied for continuing professional development (CPD) in nursing 26 4.2. How flexible and distributed learning is accepted among nurse practitioners as an effective form of learning activity. 30 4.3. Strengths and weaknesses of the new paradigm for the continuing professional development of nurses 34 Chapter 5 – Discussion 41 Chapter 6 – Implications and Recommendations 46 Conclusions 49 References 51 Appendices 60 Abstract Background. Hickie (2004) described the beginnings of the post-registration and education framework (PREP) which was instituted in 1994 to help address the changing needs in health care and protect public interest by regulate post-qualification practice. PREP was implemented by the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC), which is now known as the Nursing and Midwifery Council. Under the framework, nursing practitioners are required to embark on at least five days or 35 hours of learning activity relevant to current nursing practice during the three-year period preceding the renewal of their registration. Since 2000, renewal of nursing registration certificates for nurses who have not practiced their professions in any capacity for at least 750 hours during the last five years prior to application of renewal specify compulsory return to practice programmes. Additionally, the PREP continuing professional education (CPD) standard also requires nursing practitioners to maintain a personal professional profile (PPP) where all learning activity will be recorded, and compliance with audit requirements of the Nursing and Midwifery Council. Introduction of the portfolio compilation requirement during pre-registration prepares registered nurses for the current nursing practice of keeping a PPP (Hickie, 2004). Flexible and distributed learning offers promising opportunities for continuing professional development of nursing practitioners outside of the rigid context of traditional formats. Aim. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate the efficacy of flexible and distributed learning as an effective new paradigm in the delivery of continuing professional development in nurse education. Methodology. Descriptive analysis in the form of a literature review was adopted as the primary methodology. The review of literature proceeded similar to content analysis of unstructured data which results in summarisation of relevant findings as discussed in Wood and Ross-Kerr (2011). In this paper, findings were analysed and compiled under three main categories: (1) extent by which flexible and distributed learning is applied for continuing professional development in nursing; (2) how flexible and distributed learning is accepted nurse practitioners and the academe as an effective form of learning activi ty; and (3) strengths and weaknesses of the new paradigm for continuing professional development of nurses. Pertinent conclusions were drawn grounded on the findings from the literature review. Method. A search for pertinent resources was undertaken using the following databases (arranged in the order of the initial number of articles retrieved) : CogNet Library, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Google Scholar, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL, Cochrane Collaboration, General Science Abstracts, Education Resource Information Centre (ERIC), PubMed, Health

Stem cell research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem cell - Research Proposal Example In addition to this, stem cells also help in the internal repairing of the organs by dividing themselves endlessly to cover up for the lost or damaged cells. The new cell which is formed by the stem cell division has the ability to either become another stem cell or a cell with a particular function. Because of its functions, its biological uses are endless. Human heart muscles can be rebuilt, as well as cartilage muscles, bones, neurons and skeletal muscles. Pancreatic cells can be developed for diabetes patients, neurons for people with Alzheimer’s and bone marrow for cancer patients. These are but a few uses to mention. (Gross) Stem cell technology is the best biological step towards repairing of damaged organs as well as creating new ones. The goal of using stem cells is to strap up the chemical signals by which stem cells synchronize the development of organs of a fetus in the womb, and then repeat the process in adulthood to reshape the damaged organs into a better susta inable condition. (KU medical centre) Up till now the research has only been conducted on mice but it is believed that this technology would soon be in practice. Researchers in Washington reported that the stem cells derived from the embryos have the potential to repair organs in two ways: The stem cells either take up the place of the wounded areas or by secreting vital chemicals which help tissues to repair themselves. (Info centre) Craig Basson, director of cardiovascular research at Cornell University's Weill Medical College in New York said "Most of the work on stem cells to date has focused on how to get these cells to turn into a heart cell, a kidney cell, a bone cell or whatever it is you need,". Biological materials like bone marrow, kidneys and even heart could be created out of a stem cell thus with proper utilization and work on this technique, these materials would become abundant. Heart deformities which previously had no cure and proved to be fatal could be cured by t he introduction of stem cells in the affected place as proved by the research and experiments. (KU medical centre) For the first time in the history of biological development, such a gigantic leap has been taken and it is believed, it would result in a positive turn on the life and health of the people. The future is supposed to hold a limitless reserve of the stem cells which would be readily available as per the demand of the user; the prospect of having a new pancreas as well as having your heart repaired with a few injections of stem cells is highly exciting. Abnormalities in blood cells and weak immune system in the people are constantly on the rise and even the youngsters are affected by this; stem cells offer a cure to these abnormalities. Heart diseases are the biggest problem faced by the patients around the world. (Kiessling) Most of the time, these result in death as heart transplants are exceedingly rare and repair of the organ without the stem cell is impossible. This i s the reason what makes heart an expensive biological material, making the treatment of these diseases very costly. In America alone, the total cost of treating cardiovascular diseases and stroke in 2004 is estimated to reach almost $368 billion. Introduction of stem cells would be a great relief for such patients and heart disease would tend to be less lethal. When put into practice,

The Origins of Hip Hop | Essay

The Origins of Hip Hop | Essay 1. Introduction Hip Hop was born in the early 1970s amongst poverty and gang violence in the South Bronx. In the beginning of Hip Hop DJing, MCing, graffiti writing, and break dancing were used as a way to channel the energy of the youth in a more positive way. Thirty years later things have changed, the game is more serious. There is a lot more money involved, there is a lot more at stake, some say it is dead. If so, who killed it? (YouTube 2) In this essay I will look at the growth of Hip Hop as an art form, from its origins in New York through to its transition into the world wide phenomenon we are familiar with today. My main focus will be to explore and understand why so many people seem to be asking the question is Hip Hop dead?. In order to answer the question is Hip Hop dead? it is first necessary to define my understanding of the question. In this essay I will be evaluating the health of Hip Hop, not in terms of its popularity or the money it generates but in terms of its health as an art form: is it still a thriving, growing, developing form or has it stagnated under the weight of its own success? I will be looking at the artistic growth of Hip Hop as well as the effect that commercialisation has had. My essay charts the decline of the rawness that was at the core of Hip Hop in its early phase of development in New York City, when it was recognised and respected for its in the moment personal creativity, where the dancing would bounce off the music, the music off the rapping, and the rapping from the sounds of the streets. 2. The Origins of Hip Hop Hip Hop is an art form that includes rapping rap music, graffiti writing, particular dance styles (including break dancing), specific attire, and a specialized language and vocabulary. (Droppin science p224) To master an art in Hip Hop required a creative and expressive skill, whether it be a physical expression, rhythmical lyrics, vocal percussion, playing with the many aspects of music or graffiti art. Hip Hop is also a cultural movement which grew and developed primarily amongst poor black kids in the streets of the South Bronx, New York City, in the mid to late 1970s. These were young Afro-American kids, descended from slaves bought over from Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries who lived in poor social conditions: broken families, poverty, poor education, lack of any job opportunities and much radical prejudice, and police prejudice. They lived in black ghettos where violence, and death were common. In the same way as their recent ancestors had been enslaved and made to work the plantations of the Southern states in places such as Mississippi and Alabama, they also felt enslaved in a system which seemed to offer them no way out. America condoned the peculiar institution of slavery from 1619 up until the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude on December 18, 1865. (Bruno, Anthony (no date) [online]). When slavery was abolished in 1865 (Bruno, Anthony (no date) [online]), and the slaves were suddenly freed, the necessity to work and earn money to survive led them to emigrate to the richer Northern states of America, to cities such as Washington, Chicago and New York, where jobs were available, however low paid. As well as a large number of Africans moving to the Northern Cities, so did many Latinos who had originally emigrated from Mexico, and Puerto. The same attraction of a better life and a chance to make money spurred on their movement North. The Afro-Americans and Latino youth that grew up in the streets of these Northern cities, were the originators of Hip Hop. However, although Latino groups, particularly in New York, made a huge contribution to Hip Hop, there is no doubt that the main influences on Hip Hop came from the African American population. Lack of education and strong prejudice against African Americans led to the being stuck with the dead end, poorly paid jobs and these conditions led to a high level of crime and violence, particularly involvement of drug dealing. To many there seemed no choice, it was either poverty or crime. It is the frustration and anger created by these conditions, especially the lack of any opportunities to improve their situation, that gave rise to the birth of Hip Hop. Hip Hop became that way out, and the music and rhythms of their ancestors were reborn within Hip Hop. The ancient African tribal rhythms and musical traditions travelled with the slaves and remained an important part of the life of an African slave in America, and after 300 years of slavery in the so called Land of the Free the sounds of Old Africa became the new sounds of black America. Rapping, the rhythmic use of spoken or semi-sung lyrics grew from its roots in the tribal chants and the plantation work songs to become, an integral part of black resistance to an oppressive white society. (The roots of Hip Hop, online) Hip Hop, like its direct ancestor, the Blues, were both born out of social deprivation and the determination to use the experience in a positive way, and to escape the clutches of poverty. 3. The Development of Hip Hop YouTube Video 1 briefly shows an interview with a man on the streets of the Bronx, shot in 1986. He talks about how the music programs in the schools of New York would often cut out because of budget problems, and the only way for the kids in the schools to get music lessons would be to pay for them outside of school, which many could not afford. Hip Hop was a new form invented by the kids who struggled with money, and the place they would learn from was on the streets. They used the pieces of music from their roots, their blood, music influences such as blues, gospel and jazz to create a new genre. The genres which their ancestors would have known during the slave trade back in the South of America. A time of similar misery, and expression of the same pain and sorrow in their souls was being called out. For them there were many similarities with their ancestors. Hip Hop was something the youth could get excited about, and have a passion for. It was something that no amount of money or person could get in their way and stop them. And over the few years, whilst not only was Hip Hop gradually developing as a music, dance and art form, so was their range of listeners. More and more people outside of New York were becoming familiar with the genre, and soon an identity had been created for these youths. They had become what they had longed for, a something which was making an impact. Not only were the youth creating the music, dancing to the music but they were living the Hip Hop genre as a way of life. But not at the time were they aware of the size of impact they were going to have on the rest of the world. (YouTube 1, Dropping science 230) It was the disco DJs in the clubs where the roots of the Hip Hop music style began. An interest grew of paying attention to the blending of one track into the next one, as opposed to finishing one and the starting another. The DJs began matching tempos to make a smooth transition. The reaction from the crowds was nothing but excitement as they became witness to gradual build up beats and phases would suddenly put you into a whole new track. (P 12 The rap attack) At a similar time as DJs finding a new and exciting craze in paying attention with and playing around with the beats and tempos of tracks, originally MCing referred to today as rapping was being developed in the streets of the Bronx. Rapping is one of the main elements which had always been at the heart of the Hip Hop genre. It was seen as a skill of rhythmic talking over a funk beat. (P8 The rap attack) Lets Work Together It was not long until these new styled DJs and Rap artists would come together and put the two talents together for everyone around to hear. One of the first DJs to explore this collision was DJ Kool Herc in 1975, who is often referred to today as a godfather of Hip Hop. Another popular DJ at this time was Love Bag Starski, and was known as the first to refer to this new found culture as Hip Hop. With the fast development of rap in the early 80s, rap music records where being played everywhere around America. However in the Bronx the listeners were still excited about the beats of the records and soon became obsessed with what was known as the break of the records, where the lyrics of a track would stop and all that could be heard were the strong beats and rhythms from the drums. (P14 The rap attack) These breaks in the records would be what the listeners would be waiting for, and the dancers to do their thing. This response led DJs to open up their creativity as DJs. From just playing records from start to finish, they would use the breaks as their bass and play around with cutting, repeating, layering, using turntables, extending parts of the records however they wished and felt at the time. Their time of developing a creative identity came. Suddenly the chances of hearing one copy of a James Brown record did not exist. (P14 The rap attack) Around 1973, the new craze of longer lengths of the breaks was reflected in the longer length of improvised moves of the dancers. Soon a new name break-dancer was what these dancers started to call themselves, or b-boys and b-girls for short. The kids who were into the breaks started calling themselves B-Boys and the wild, acrobatic style of dancing which accompanied the playing of the breaks became known as breaking. The better Bronx DJs like Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash started mixing two copies of the same record to make the breaks last longer; (The roots of Hip Hop, online) This was when the dancers would be creating the moves that inspired the lay down of Hip Hop dance. (online, Hip Hop History) Bringing it Back to the Streets The vocal percussion called beatboxing, is known to have grown originally as an urban form. The beat box drum machines used to create the breaking that the more established MC and DJ artists were using, could not be afforded by the majority of the Hip Hop creators on the streets. Therefore if the breaks could not be made for them, then they would make the breaks themselves through the skill of beatboxing. These soon established beatboxers were imitating drum sounds and beat patterns using the lips, tongue, mouth, throat, and voice. Its summed up with the image of a guy in a hoodie with his hands cupped over his mouth spitting and making wonderful noises. (The Real History of Beatboxing: Part 2) Hip Hop Dance The gangs of the Bronx strongly influenced the development of the Hip Hop dance style. The gang experience and forced hard and strong persona they was almost required to be taken seriously among the streets can been seen of an influence in the dance of Hip Hop. More specifically the dance style uprocking. Before gangs were going into battle, it was known that they would perform a particular dance in order to get the adrenaline running and bring an aggressive nature to the surface. The gang members would carry out movements that would resemble actions that would take place in moments of violence with an enemy. The dance would consist of kicks and strikes between the dancers. (P229 Droppin Science) In the early days, Hip Hop dance was an outwardly body expression specific to that person and their feelings spurred on from the beats and rhythms in the music being heard. The style has adopted a large range of different skills which have developed over time. The dance includes breaking, popping, locking, and free styling, while its movements indulge jumps, breakages, and rotations. Such elements make this dance style amazingly explosive and truly informal. (Hip Hop Dancing) Hip Hop dance has received a renowned respect for being a genre which demands such a high level of personal creativity. Just like the musicians, the dancers develop their own identity to how they dance, and they cannot be wrong. Dance genres such as ballet, demands a specifically noticeable technical ability which normally requires years of intense training. Hip Hop however enables an openness that most genres do not, a freedom to move however you wish. The only requirement which can be seen is an understanding and respect as a creative culture. (Hip Hop Dancing) What made Hip Hop dance so interesting when being performed in the Bronx was the ability to see such a range of new moves, new ideas, new ways of expressing. However with Hip Hop dance today, in the music videos created in the money making world, how often do we see a range of creativity? In my opinion hardly ever. Sure the choreography might involve different steps, but it will almost definitely involve a focus on female dancers, carrying out a version of booty-shaking, torso popping and hair flicking. Moves which emphasises the woman figure and create a more sexual orientated atmosphere. There is no denying that the attention to the movement of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bum.. does not link back to moves that would have been found in African history, but Hip Hop in its original day was not all about just that. Just like how many more times can a Hip Hop artist swear in a song, how many more times can a Hip Hop dancer booty-shake? Not much more. Booty-shaking that existed originally as one of many Hip Hop moves has been taken and pushed forward to be portrayed as what Hip Hop dance is. The money making corporate world knows that sex sells, and to them the more sexy moves the better. Graffiti Graffiti is another of the main expressive elements that made up the Hip Hop culture. Graffiti represented the visual, emceeing and DJ produced the music, and B-Boying was the dance. In the early days of hip-hop, all of these elements were deeply intertwined. (graffiti and Hip Hop, online) Graffiti was normally an expression of the political activists in Hip Hop, people who wanted to mark their territory. Graffiti would be found all around the city, particularly on subways. People suddenly did not have to visit the Hispanic parts of the city to become face to face with the Hip Hop culture that was emerging, as graffiti was bought to them, a permanent reminded of the current sub-culture that was growing around them. The were adamant for their previously silent voices to be heard. Not long did graffiti progress from a scribbled tag (nickname) or club name on the wall to an elaborate art form emblazoned with Magic Marker and spray paint over every available surface of the subway trains and buildings. (P15 The rap attack) Competition Another element of Hip Hop that separates itself from other genres is how originally it would be performed in the form of a battle, whether it be rapping or break dancing. One side (or sometimes more) would go against another, and each side would take turns to show what they had to offer with a sort of you think your better than us, prove it attitude. This competitive nature stood at the heart of Hip Hop. Not only did it help displace violence and drugs such as heroin, but it also fostered an attitude of creating from limited materials. (P15 The rap attack). These young black men wanted to prove themselves to the world, and with these battles they were suddenly given a chance. I was ironic that these battles only ended up supporting the views of much of white America that young African American males are threatening, and that this then further restricted their entry into the mainstream service economy as well as other areas of mainstream life. (P229 Droppin Science) 4. The Social Impact of Hip Hop The most noticeable impact Hip Hop had on the community was the decrease conflict between the many established gangs that existed. It was within The Bronx and, to a lesser extent, Harlem that black youths developed their own alternative to the gang warfare that had risen from the dead in the late 1960s to dominate and divide neighbourhoods north of Central Park. (P12 The rap attack) The Savage Seven was the name given to the first known gang that took on the streets of the Bronx. This group of teenagers laid the groundwork for a surge of street gang activity that would overwhelm the Bronx for the next six years. One of the most well-known and influential originators of Hip Hop along with Eric B. and Rakim was Afrika Bambaataa, (more specifically in break-beat dee-jaying) is seen today the Godfather of Hip Hop Culture. Bambaataa, who was once himself not just a member but a leader of the Savage Seven, set up the group Zulu Nation, a Hip Hop group that spoke the message of factology versus beliefs. (Zulu Nation website, online] Hip Hop History) Zulu Nation spoke out of beliefs of right knowledge, right wisdom, right overstanding, right sound reasoning, to bring about right ways and actions. Bambaataa spoke out to the youths of Hip Hop with a message describing the importance of knowledge, wisdom and understanding. (Zulu Nation website) Zulu Nation effectively reached out to the large number of current gang members in the Bronx and show them a chance of an alternate path in life. The African American youths were able to express their frustration and pain now in a way which did not require violence, instead of putting it on one another; they were putting it into Hip Hop. A peacemaking was established. (Dropping Science 213) The school playgrounds, community parks and centres helped bring what were once gang enemies in the ghetto together. The former threatening gangs transformed into relatively harmonious, harmless crews, and the only battling they would have with one another was through the exciting new form of Hip Hop. The gang lives many Afro-American youths had, was never hidden away and ignored in Hip Hop. Instead, the pain and suffering they experienced bought to the forefront of much of the rapping creativity, as a chance to express how they really felt and not be rejected by it became an seized opportunity for many to release their inside emotions. An interesting description of the way Hip Hoppers reacted to media attention and the manipulation is in the book Droppin Science. William Perkins interview with a filmmaker and author of that time Michael Holman describes how the Bronx youth had created a cultural depth and confidence to talk back, when challenged by the media, staying loose, and reacting in a way which most likely spurred on even more attention to how strong the Hip Hop culture had grew to become, they stayed fresh, they maintained that certain volatility that Hip Hop craves. No fear of the end of the world, just fear of being stuck: If you became classifiable, Holman says, you became all the things that kept you in check. (P214 Droppin Science) Through Hip Hops deeply personal and expressive nature, whether it be through words, movement or art we are bought face to face with the reality of the suffering of the African Americans were experiencing at that time. Hip Hop stood out as a form which spoke of stories of everyday life experiences in the streets. (Hip Hops evolution, online) However any positive social impact from Hip Hop in the early days of its development was soon undone when the commercial pressures of the market started to take effect. 5. The Commercialisation of Hip Hop What does the term commercial mean?   It can take on various meanings, but in essence that term is used to label artists who have alienated parts of the hip-hop culture in their work.  (Hip Hop Culture Essay) There is no denying that commercialisation has helped to open up Hip Hop to the rest of the world. Originally Hip Hop was very much an Afro-American art form, however with the commercial world recognising and marketing the genre with music shows such as MTV, the audience range opened up not only to the whites of America, but the rest of the world. A world can now be said to be dominated by Hip Hop in a commercial sense, but perhaps no longer in an artistic sense. However, many people believe that commercial hip-hop has deteriorated from what so many emcees in the 80s tried to build a culture of music, dance, creativity, and artistry that would give people not only something to bob their head to, but also an avenue to express themselves and deliver a positive message to their surroundings. (Droppin Science) For instance, the dancers we see on TV in Hip Hop music videos and on stage with Hip Hop artists today might look like Hip Hop dancers and be able to do Hip Hop dance, but do they really have artistic integrity and spontaneous thrill of the originals danced on the streets of New York? Well, they are not creating the moves; most likely the steps are taught for them to copy and perform. There is little creativity or realness they learn and perfect their moves in studios, not the streets or in the ghetto clubs the realness in that sense is not in Hip Hop anymore. (mrwiggles, online) Also, Hip Hop music has become to rarely live anymore with many performers miming vocals to pre-recorded backing tracks. Thinking on the spot, being under pressure, being unpredictable and real in the moment as you do your thing, was one of the core skills originally associated with being a master of the form. How often today do we see the so called top Hip Hop artists of today think on their feet? Music videos are recorded, re-recorded, played with, special effected, deleted, you name it. We are hardly given the chance to see Hip Hop being presented as one artist showing what they can do, with the microphone, with the floor. The originators of Hip Hop did not just get involved in creativity and performance, they lived the Hip Hop lifestyle. But as soon as Hip Hop gained media attention and respect for its potential, it was not long until big business seized the opportunity to have a piece and shape the artists style in a way which they felt would make money. Vanilla Ice is a clear example of an attempt to change Hip Hop into a more poppy genre of music. Vanilla Ice was a white kid from Florida who was used to try and create a crossover between Hip Hop and pop music; a blatant and widely ridiculed attempt to manufacture a Hip Hop artist with mass appeal. Gangs were still involved in Hip Hop as it grew, and some believe that there was more gang involvement than ever before. We call them the Hip Hop record labels. They may not call themselves gangs, but through the extreme competitiveness of the record companies to be bigger and better than anyone else, the rivalry backbone still remains. The most famous and recognised record company rivalry is between the West Coast and East Coast. The West Coast record label Death Row founded by Dr. Dre and Suge Knight verses the East Coast label, Bad Boy founded by Puffy Combs. The website Knowledgerush says that the rivalry intensified as Hip Hop continued to enter the mainstream in the United States and abroad; more money entered the industry and raised the stakes. The focal point soon came to a head with Tupac Shakur on the west coast and Notorious B.I.G. (Knowledgerush, online) Tupac (West Coast) and Notorious B.I.G. (East Coast) were two talented rappers, who were friends and would occasionally see one another despite the competitiveness between their record labels. Both were murdered within six months of each in 1996 as part of feud between the East and West coast gangs. The obvious explanation behind the deaths of Tupac and Biggy is in the saying an eye for an eye, and was as a result of the rivalry between the record companies. However the most sinister theory fingers Knight for both murders, the founder of Death Row. (Hip-hop homicide, online) TAKE OUT When Tupacs body lay dead waiting for atomisation (autopsied), his infamous tattoos were fully displayed, including his signature phrase, thug life, in large letters in a semi-circle around his abdomen. (Knowledgerush, online) Despite Hip Hops development into a world full of money, the artists of Hip Hop were still living the Hip Hop culture, Hip Hop still remained their life. Many commentators were of the view that the feud between the East and West coast Hip Hop gangs and the deaths of Tupac and BIG were all primarily morivated by money. As the comedian Chris Rock said, when Tupac became worth more dead than alive, it was the end for him. (Bigger and Blacker, Chris Rock). Rivalry still exists today with Ja Rule verses DMX, Eminem verses Benzino and Jay-Z verses Nas. Not much has really changed. Mentioning and dissing of other gangs started to become a major lyrical theme within Hip Hop in the 1990s. MCs began incorporating more varied and stylistic speech, and focused on introducing themselves, shouting out to friends in the audience, and boasting about their own skills, and criticizing their rivals. (Knowledgerush, online) Not surprisingly this would result in their rivals feeling disrespected and seeking revenge. These Hip Hop artists would never work and travel as individuals, they would go around in big groups including others from their record labels, calling it an entourage. A direct link to the gangs that walked New York cannot help but be made. The bigger the entourage, the more of a successful impression they would make on the rest of the world. A genre that was originally aimed to help the stop gang violence in New York, over time has transform into a genre which can not help but seem creating violence, and glorifying gun culture. Hip Hop identity is now a world-wide phenomenon, the cutting edge of global youth culture. The gangsta identity both represents the drama of the streets, but also the merchandizing of the rhymes of violence by profit hungry media companies. As KRS-1 and others tell it, the media companies promote the most outrageous stereotypes of violent, vicious Black youth while ignoring the rappers who represent the positive and political side of ghetto life. (Hip Hop Gangs) Hand in hand with the commercialisation of Hip Hop came far more negative and misogynistic attitudes to women (or bitches as they are widely referred to within Hip Hop). A video youtube3 discusses the use of women in these Hip Hop music videos. One interviewer expresses that women have become adornments, walking objects, portrayed as walking bling. The numbers of girls in videos has increased over the years, going from maybe four or five to forty even fifty. These women are not dressed in a way that can argue this idea, as they are made to wear as little as possible, which most likely turns out to be very revealing underwear or swimwear. Surely the way these videos portray and use women, with the derogatory terms used to describe them questions womanhood today? I recognise that gender is a very key element to the Hip Hop culture in terms of it being a very much male-dominated world, females struggle to match the success levels as the men, and the degrading attitude women are faced with, however I believe to have looked into and covered that would have been a whole essay in itself. I just wish to mention that since Hip Hop has entered the commercial world it has developed into a male dominated genre which portrays women in a disrespectful, objectified and careless way. In its original day, there was never such a strong disregard for women in Hip Hop, and it can only be noticed that it began to have this misogyny opinion when the Hip Hop artist were working with the big music companies. 6. Conclusions Hip Hop came out of a life people were forced to live in of poor healthcare, no money and no hope. Once they realised they could use the media and publicity in their favour to achieve longed for wealth and a chance for more in their lives, they used it so much, they exploited it. African Americans became corrupted by letting their aim and their search for money become their integrity in life. I cannot help but say be careful what you wish for, because you just might get it. As Hip Hop grew and the money in Hip Hop became bigger, more people wanted a piece of the action: managers, promoters, publicists, stylists and most importantly, producers and record companies. Hip Hop (very much like Punk music) was originally an art form that had at its core its rawness and openness you needed no musical training to rap, no instruments to beatbox and no canvass to write graffiti. But now Hip Hop has succumbed to the celebrity culture, and without a major record label, who will want to package and market you, there is little chance of getting your music heard. In the search for record sales, Hip Hop also seemed to lose its integrity and political purpose. Hip Hop, in its early days, did not glorify and encourage violence, drugs and misogyny, it expressed the anger, frustration and suffering young black men were experiencing because of the poor social conditions and lack of opportunities available to them. Today, Hip Hop lyrics and music videos seem to offer a constant diet of violence, drugs and misogyny so much so that it almost becomes bland. How sexist can you be? How many times can you swear in your record? How violent can you (pretend to) be? As Hip Hop artists competed with each other to write more and more extreme lyrics, it quickly became apparent that there was nowhere else to go Hip Hop seems to have reached a stage where everything has already been done. Like other mainstream artists, many rappers sold out and kept their mind on their money and their money on their mind. (Hip Hop Gangs) Today, many of Hip Hops most successful artists are pretenders well educated people, from privileged backgrounds some of whom studied performing arts before becoming Hip Hoppers. Kanye West and Young Jeezy are often mentioned in this way. It seems to me that Hip Hop sold out. It reached a compromise with big business in which both sides used one another to get what they wanted. The record labels would use Hip Hop to generate vast sums of money for themselves, and a few Hip Hop youths would get what they had always wanted: money, recognition for their music and a respect from others. In this essay I hope I have shown that in its early days Hip Hop had an integrity and truth rooted in the experiences of black ghetto youths in North American cities. It had an openness and accessibility any one could participate, anyone could be creative. I also hope I have shown how as Hip Hop grew it very quickly became consumed by the needs of the market and original, creative output was replaced with commercial product. I believe that as a commercial enterprise Hip Hop is still very much alive, in fact it might be said to be bigger than ever, and the gangsta rap culture identity still lives on, not just within music but in fashion, language, film and television. However as an art form I believe it is dead. Hip Hop was an art form that existed out of curiosity, play and freedom. Today through the corporate process every little element has to be questioned and often changed to make the genre be put forward in the most marketable way. The creative control has been lost by being someones money making product. In the music world it is very hard to not be a commercial product, and Hip Hop like many other genres has fallen into that existence. I believe Hip Hop began to die when the real Hip Hoppers dont own Hip Hop anymore. Money took control. The music companies did not have the same interest in Hip Hop as the originators did, their interest was making money, not keeping Hip Hop alive in its purest form. People who did not know anything about real Hip Hop were suddenly having say as to how it would sound. A realisation of this I believe has c

Time Compression :: essays research papers

Thousands of years ago, Man created (discovered?) gunpowder. Sixty years ago, he discovered the power of the atom. Twenty-five years ago, computers were primarily tools of universities, large corporations and government agencies. Now a Personal Computer is commonplace in homes; suburban kids have computers with capabilities 100 fold of their corporate ancestors. The Internet was in a similar state not 10 years ago. It has grown so fast that now the original framework is bursting at the seams, no longer able to handle the needs of the burgeoning â€Å"Internet Community†. Technology and the world around us is moving at a breakneck speed, and it’s getting faster every second. These are examples of a theory known as Time Compression. Time compression is a simple theory, and it is one that I am in love with, as it effects us all on a day-to-day basis. Think of time as a physical presence that is constantly moving. As a physical thing, it has mass, weight, volume, etc. The longer it’s been moving, the more momentum it gains, the faster it goes. Be it technology, moral philosophies or social situations, we are affected by time compression in all facets of our lives. As we speed through our post-modern lifestyles, the increasing speed is becoming more apparent. Every day of our lives, something is being created, improved upon and appraised as no longer being relevant, and scrapped for something newer, faster and better to replace it. Whether this is good or bad is not terribly relevant. Change is one of the few constants. Progress has been occurring before man had a word for it. It’s been moving along at an ever-increasing velocity before man was, by today’s evolutionary standards, classifiable as Man. Even with this apparent truth, some try to grind their heels into the dirt, slow it down just a bit. Sometimes it works out. Thoreau. Sometimes it doesn’t. Unabomber. But regardless of the outcome, both suffer from the same symptom, a sort of desperate escapism. If you disregard all the nobler qualities that have been stacked upon Thoreau, he was a simple man living in a complex world, desperately afraid and unable to cop to his bewildering environment.

Living in 1984

George Orwell's horrendous yet prophetic vision of the future in his novel, 1984 has come and gone. In this nightmarish novel, Oceania, where the story takes place, is the perfect depiction of â€Å"Negative Utopia† in which the government is in total control of their citizens. They control every aspect of their life. From the smallest things as the clothes their citizen wore on a daily basis to the person they were allowed to marry to their thoughts. Freedom of choice and thought was unquestionable and was not allowed and anything or anyone that went against this principle or resisted oppression was completely suppressed themselves. Now, in 2006 under our current government there are a lot of similarities between the haunting novel of the â€Å"Negative Utopia† which George Orwell portrays in†¦.. Living in 1984-Today George Orwell's horrendous yet prophetic vision of the future in his novel, 1984 has come and gone. In this nightmarish novel, Oceania, where the story takes place, is the perfect depiction of â€Å"Negative Utopia† in which the government is in total control of their citizens. They control every aspect of their life. From the smallest things as the clothes their citizen wore on a daily basis to the person they were allowed to marry to their thoughts. Freedom of choice and thought was unquestionable and was not allowed and anything or anyone that went against this principle or resisted oppression was completely suppressed themselves. Now, in 2006 under our current government there are a lot of similarities between the haunting novel of the â€Å"Negative Utopia† which George Orwell.

The Civil Rights Movement Oppressing the Black Population

The Civil Rights Movement Oppressing the Black Population Between mid 1950s and late 1960s, civil rights movements in America were at its peak. The civil rights movement was sparked by various factors that undermined and oppressed the black population. As a matter of fact, blacks were treated like half citizens, and they had no right to complain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the South had devoted their energy in stabilizing and perfecting the Jim Crow ideology that required blacks to be segregated and separated from the white people. As a result, there was the lack of decent education, poor jobs and rampant poverty among the blacks. In response, the black citizen resorted to fighting for his rights; thus, the rise of the civil rights movement. During this era, there were key events that eventually led to a breakthrough in the fight for civil rights. Some of these eve nts are described briefly in the following paragraphs. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a spokesman for African Americans in the struggle for equal rights during the era. However, King received stern opposition from whites such as Governor George who was the symbol for opposition to racial interlink. King asserted that civil rights movement was more of a human rights movement than just a movement for black rights. According to King and other Black leaders, as long as Blacks were denied their full rights America could not be free. Under his leadership, key events such as the Brown vs. Board of Education case, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1960s Sit-Ins gained momentum. Overwhelmed by the poor quality of their school, students at Moton High School resorted to taking the matter to court (Robinson, 2005). The main cause of poor education facilities in the African American schools was the segregation laws. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared its verdict that segregation of White and Black Schools was unconstitutional (Robinson, 2005). As a result, segregation was phased out of schools and Black children had the right to attend white schools and receive a quality education. This key event enabled all citizens to explore education to the highest level regardless of race or color.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another key event is the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place between 1956 and 1957. According to the segregation rules in public transport vehicles, Blacks were supposed to leave their seats for white travelers (The Henry Ford, 2002). In 1955, however, a lady called Rosa Parks refused to leave her seat for a white traveler and was fined by the court of law for misconduct. â€Å"Thereafter, fifty Black leaders organized a â€Å"Montgomery Bus Boycott† to demand a more humane transport system† (The Henry Ford, 2002). 381 days later, a federal court ordered the buses to drop the rules and allow for equal rights of travel. Martin Luther King participated in this boycott that resulted in equality among all Montgomery users. â€Å"In another scenario (1960), four college students organized a sit-in in a lunch counter to protest Woolworth’s idea of excluding Blacks† (Cozzens, 1998). The students had bought some goods in other areas of the store, kept the receipts and during the lunch hour they asked to be served. The students were not served; hence, they produced their receipts and demanded to know why they make decisions against them. Since then, Sit-Ins became rampant in several states and the message was effectively delivered. This trend led to the creation of student committees that eventually led to the freedom rides in 1961(Cozzens, 1998). In conclusion, these key events helped to reinforce the African American struggle for equal right rights, and finally, the light was found. References Cozzens, L . (1998). Sit-Ins. Retrieved from the Waston.org Website: watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/sit-ins.html Robinson, S. (2005). Brown vs. Board of Education. Web. The Henry Ford. (2002). The Story Behind the Bus. Retrieved from Thehenryford Website: https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/rosa-parks/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More